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Disclosure limit of shareholding for financial statement in the UK. börja lära sig
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Strategic drift can be defined as a gradual deterioration of competitive action that results in the failure of an organization to acknowledge and respond to changes in the business environment. Homogeneous mindset at managerial and board levels.
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Key factor to consider in PESTEL – political börja lära sig
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Changes to government policy
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Key factor to consider in PESTEL – economic börja lära sig
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Key factor to consider in PESTEL – social börja lära sig
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Changes to taste and fashion
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Key factor to consider in PESTEL – technological börja lära sig
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New hardware and software capabilities.
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Key factor to consider in PESTEL – environmental 2 börja lära sig
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Geographic location.| Use of resources.
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Key factor to consider in PESTEL – legal börja lära sig
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Restriction or extra regulations
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What instrument is used to analyse potential impacts on future growth? It identifies the main drivers in the external environment. börja lära sig
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What instrument is used to analyse potential impacts of future margins? börja lära sig
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Porter's 5 Forces analysis.
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What instrument is used to analyse potential new foreign markets for expansion? börja lära sig
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What instrument is used to analyse the ability to cope with changes in the external environment? börja lära sig
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What instrument is used to determine the source of competitive advantage or disadvantage? börja lära sig
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What instrument is used to bring together the internal and external analysis in order to understand overall strategic position? börja lära sig
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Porter’s diamond factor conditions examples börja lära sig
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Basic factors: weather, local raw materials. Advanced: telecommunications, education system.
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Strategic Focus (Leadership, Management, Planning); People (Personnel, Staff, Learning, Development); Operations (Processes, Work); Marketing (Customer Relations, Sales, Responsiveness); Finances (Assets, Facilities, Equipment).
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Human Resources Management
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Continuing professional development
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What is an Organisational Profile in case of Baldrige performance excellence? börja lära sig
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Relationships, Environment, Challenges.
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2 [Competitive strategy] börja lära sig
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Finding cheaper alternatives | Eliminating all waste.
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2 [Competitive strategy ] börja lära sig
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Changes in buyer preferences | Loss of barriers to entry.
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3 [Competitive strategy] börja lära sig
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Economies of scale | A focus on cost reduction | Eliminating all wastes
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[Competitive strategy] börja lära sig
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e.g. international
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3 [Competitive strategy] börja lära sig
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Economies of scale | Branding | Service levels.
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3 [Competitive strategy] börja lära sig
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Loss of brand | Difficult to achieve | Target for all rivals
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3 [Competitive strategy] börja lära sig
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Innovation | Branding | Marketing.
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Differentiation key threats: 2 [Competitive strategy ] börja lära sig
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Being copied by rivals. || New technology.
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Focused differentiation CSFs 2 [Competitive strategy ] börja lära sig
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Market knowledge | Unique products and services.
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Focused differentiation key threats: 3 [Competitive strategy ] börja lära sig
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Recession | Small market size | Few barriers
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Existing product and existing market. (growth strategy) börja lära sig
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Market penetration best use when...? 2 börja lära sig
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Best used when market is growing | Introduce a new or improved product
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Market penetration risks: 2 börja lära sig
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Competitors will react | Can lead to stagnation.
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New product and existing market growth strategy börja lära sig
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Product development is used when we have...? 2 [growth strategy] börja lära sig
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New and improved products | Copy rivals.
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Product development risks: 2 [Growth strategy ] börja lära sig
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Unknown demand | Can cannibalise existing products
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Existing product and new market. [growth strategy] börja lära sig
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Strategic alliances are often used to...? börja lära sig
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Market development risks: 2 börja lära sig
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Puts a strain on stratigic capabilities. | Need new external analysis.
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New product and new market growth strategy börja lära sig
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3 [growth strategy] börja lära sig
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Very different CSFs | Need new external analysis | Can reduce flexibility.
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Forward diversification examples: börja lära sig
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A farmer who directly sells his crops at a local grocery rather than to a distribution center that controls the placement of foodstuffs to various supermarkets. Or, a clothing label that opens up its own boutiques, selling its designs directly. Forward integration is a business strategy that involves a form of vertical integration whereby business activities are expanded to include control of the direct distribution or supply of a company's products.
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Backward diversification example börja lära sig
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A company might buy their supplier. Companies often complete backward integration by acquiring or merging with these other businesses, but they can also establish their own subsidiary to accomplish the task. BD is a form of vertical integration in which a company expands its role to fulfill tasks formerly completed by businesses up the supply chain. It is when a company buys another company that supplies the products or services needed for production.
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Horizontal diversification börja lära sig
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Horizontal diversification is the acquisition of a business operating at the same level of the value chain in the same industry. Procter and Gamble’s 2005 acquisition of Gillette is a good example which realized economies of scope. Because both companies produced hundreds of hygiene-related products the merger reduced the marketing and product development costs per product.
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Conglomerate diversification börja lära sig
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Conglomerate diversification is unrelated diversification: the businesses which are joined together have no connection whatsoever. An example would be a supermarket joining with a car manufacturing company. Little or no synergy with its core business or technology.
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Global Reporting Initiative
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Corporate Social Responsibility short definition and goals. 2 börja lära sig
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International private business self-regulation. | Goals of a philanthropic and charitable nature. CSR
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This is when an executive director of Company A serves as a NED in Company B and, at the same time, an executive director of Company B serves as a NED at Company A. Such a relationship is considered to make the two boards too intimately involved witheach other and potentially reduces the quality of the scrutiny that the two NEDs involved in the cross-directorship can bring.
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Environmental footprint accounting börja lära sig
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It measures the demand on and supply of nature. On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a given population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes (like food). On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity of its ecological assets (e.g. cropland). These areas, especially if left unharvested, can also absorb much of the waste we generate, especially carbon emissions.
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Organic growth characteristics 3 (development method) börja lära sig
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Popular with employees. | Slow but less risky. | no valuation problem 3) you are not buying goodwill which could be destroyed later or which may never have existed.
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Acquisition characteristic börja lära sig
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Useful if you are expanding into another country or product line | You have to pay for goodwil but it is usually difficult to value | There is an asymmetry of information: sellers usually knowing more than buyers. This increases the risk to the buyer.
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Leader definition by Buchman and Huczynski: börja lära sig
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Someone who exercises influence over other people.
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Leadership traditional definition börja lära sig
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An interpersonal influence directed toward the achievement of goals.
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3 keywords from leadership definition: börja lära sig
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Interpersonal | influence | goal
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from leadership definition börja lära sig
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Interpersonal means between persons. Thus, a leader has more than one person to lead.
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from leadership definition börja lära sig
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The power to affect others.
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from leadership definition börja lära sig
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Goal is the end one strives to attain.
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Problems with traits theories: börja lära sig
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There will always be counter-arguments - one theorist will say a leader should always be courteous whereas another will say that a rude and effective leader was identified.
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Behaviour / style theories: 2 börja lära sig
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Theory focuses on how leaders behave, and assumes that these traits can be copied by other leaders. | It suggests that leaders aren’t born successful, but can be created based on learnable behavior.
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Tells (autocratic) management style: börja lära sig
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The manager makes all the decisions and issues instructions which are to be obeyed without question.
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Sells (persuasive) management style: börja lära sig
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The manager still makes all the decisions, but believes that team members must be motivated to accept them in order to carry then out properly.
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Consults (participative) management style: börja lära sig
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The manager confers with the team and takes their views into account, although still retains the final say.
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Joins (democratic) management style: börja lära sig
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The leader and the team members make the decision together on the basis of consensus.
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Problems with behavioural theories: börja lära sig
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Unfortunately, as with trait theories, it is possible to find counter examples. E.g. Steve Jobs demonstrating the least effective style (autocratic) but running the largest technology company in the World.
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Contingency / contextual theories: börja lära sig
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The modern consensus is that there is no one best style of leadership that is equally effective for all circumstances. | A theory that is a mixture of both trait and behavioural is the situational approach.
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What instrument it is used to respond a risk? börja lära sig
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3 börja lära sig
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Insurance. | Outsource operations. | Joint ventures (partial transferring).
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TARA framework börja lära sig
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The risk has been assessed as being so serious that all possibility of the event occurring should be avoided.
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risk response – Reduce. Give one example. TARA framework börja lära sig
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Take steps to mitigate the risk. For example, instead of installing a new computer system in every branch over one weekend, run a pilot operation then gradually extend.
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TARA framework börja lära sig
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Don’t do anything about the risk. It’s just part of everyday business.
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To oversee the appointment and remuneration of executive directors.
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Join venture, Strategic Alliance, Partnering characteristic 3 börja lära sig
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Share skills | and costs | but difficult to agree.
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3; [BGC matrix] börja lära sig
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Strong position in a low growth (therefore unattractive) market. | Little threat from rivals. | Just keep the product ticking over and collect the cash.
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Tells us the highest acceptable cost of capital.
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Relies on a cost of capital estimate.
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Payback period key disadvantage: börja lära sig
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Requires a target or benchmark.
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Profits are easily manipulated.
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It is not useful for comparing projects.
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Dealing with risk in decision making. An expected value summarises all the different possible outcomes by calculating a...? börja lära sig
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_a single weighted average It is the long run average (though not necessarily the most likely result).
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Complicated scenarios in dealing with risk in decision making could be represented as...? börja lära sig
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Decision trees force the decision maker to consider the logical sequence of events.
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Key limitations in dealing with risk in decision making: 3 börja lära sig
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Useful only for one-off decisions. | Based on subjective information. | Ignores attitudes to risk.
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Who is the ultimate principal in the public organizations? börja lära sig
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2. e.g. Railway passengers.
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Ultimate difference between CEO and chairman. 2 börja lära sig
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The chairman has the ultimate role of leading the board, | whilst the CEO leads the business.
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unimportant börja lära sig
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Working with lower costs to make more profit. The usual way is to employ fewer staff by making staff redundant.
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The distinction between CSR strategy and strategic CSR with examples. börja lära sig
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CSR strategy is to have set of policies which guide CSR activities. | E.g. a company might have a policy to invest in some particular communities. | Strategic CSR is when company support the main business areas. | Bank might favour financial education. It would be seen as strategically wasteful to use CSR to support activities which are not aligned to the core activities.
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Environmental risk example: börja lära sig
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the release of dangerous chemicals into the local river.
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a competitor launches a fantastic product.
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you launch a poor product
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interest rates being increased so that consumer demand is suppressed.
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the supply and price of raw materials change adversely.
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Political, cultural and legal risk example: börja lära sig
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becoming illegal or unpopular
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you are exporting and the buyer’s currency weakens before you are paid.
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subsidiary is bought but it turns out that it isn’t as good as you thought it would be.
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Remuneration committee börja lära sig
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