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börja lära sig
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The ability to create an infinite number of new sentences that are also grammatically correct
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Give an example of a phrase structure rule börja lära sig
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The deep structure and surface structure börja lära sig
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The deep structure is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented. • That same deep structure can be the source of many other surface structures
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börja lära sig
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specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents
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börja lära sig
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Transform sentences, e.g., from statements to questions
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example of a transformational rule börja lära sig
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Statement: "She is happy." → Question: "Is she happy?
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börja lära sig
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is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences (Semantics is concerned with objective or general meaning)
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börja lära sig
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Conceptual and associative meaning
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(denotative, literal, dictinary) börja lära sig
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covers basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word needle - ‘thin, sharp, steel instrument’ (basic components of the word)
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börja lära sig
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all types of associations or connotations different people might have attached to a word
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börja lära sig
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– crucial elements or features of meaning Example: to be a subject of a sentence a noun must be animate Boy (+animate) Hamburger (-animate)
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börja lära sig
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The roles of sentence participants, e.g., agent, theme The boy kicked the ball. • The agent - ‘the entity that performs the action’ (the boy) • The theme (the patient) – ‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’ (the ball)
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börja lära sig
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1 agent, 2 theme, 3 instument, 4 experiencer, 5 localisation, 6 source, 7 goal
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börja lära sig
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‘the entity that performs the action
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börja lära sig
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‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’
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börja lära sig
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an entity used to perform an action
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börja lära sig
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an entity (a person) who has a feeling, perception or state; s/he is not performing any action
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the location, source, goal börja lära sig
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The location - where an entity is (on the table, in the room) • The source – where the entity moves from (from Chcago) • The goal - where the entity moves to (to New Orlean)
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börja lära sig
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The relationships between words
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7 types of lexical relations börja lära sig
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Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, metonymy, collocations.
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börja lära sig
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Two or more words with very closely related meanings; they can be substituted for each other in sentences
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börja lära sig
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Words that sound the same but have different meanings, e.g., "bare" and "bear"
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börja lära sig
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The idea of ‘the characteristic instance’ of a category The best examples of a category, e.g., "sparrow" as a prototype of a bird.
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Antonyms are divided into two main types: • ‘gradable’ (opposites along a scale) • ‘non-gradable’ (direct opposites) börja lära sig
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Two forms with opposite meanings alive/dead, big/small, fast/slow, happy/sad, hot/cold, long/short, male/female, married/single, old/new, rich/poor, true/false
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börja lära sig
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When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described animal/dog, dog/poodle, vegetable/carrot, flower/rose, tree/banyan
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börja lära sig
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when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings bank (of a river) – bank (financial institution) bat (flying creature) – bat (used in sports) mole (on skin) – mole (small animal) pupil (at school) – pupil (in the eye) race (contest of speed) – race (ethnic group)
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börja lära sig
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When two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation bare/bear, meat/meet, flour/flower, pail/pale, right/write, sew/so and to/too/two.
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börja lära sig
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Two or more words with the same form and related meanings Head - the object on top of the body, on top of a glass of beer, person at the top of a company or department. • Foot (of person, of bed, of mountain) or • Run (person does, water does, colors do)
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börja lära sig
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close connection in everyday experience a container–contents relation (bottle/water, can/juice), • a whole–part relation (car/wheels, house/roof) • a representative–symbol relationship (king/crown, the President/the White House
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börja lära sig
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a predictable combination of words‘; words frequently occurring together Hammer – nail • Table – chair • Butter – bread • Needle – thread • Salt – pepper
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börja lära sig
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complementary, gradable, and relational gradable - opposite along on a scale (big-small, old-new, early-late) non-gradable - direct opposite (black-white, dead-alive, true-false) reelational - frtom the same family (parent-child, teacher-student, give-recive)
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special properties of human language (natural language) börja lära sig
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Duality, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness Displacement • Arbitrariness • Productivity • Cultural transmission • Duality
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What are the areas in the brain responsible for speech börja lära sig
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Broca’s area (speech production) and Wernicke’s area (understanding the speech)
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börja lära sig
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is a bundle of nerve fibers which forms a connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas. • Discoverd by Wernicke
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börja lära sig
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an area in the brain that controls movement of the muscles. The part of the motor cortex that controls the articulatory muscles of the face, jaw, tongue and larynx is located close to Broca’s area
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3 difficulties in speech production börja lära sig
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• The tip of the tongue phenomenon • A slip of the tongue • A slip of the ear
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The tip of the tongue phenomenon börja lära sig
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We feel that we know the word but it doesn’t want to come to the surface
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börja lära sig
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An unintentional error in speaking, where someone says something different from what they intended. It often involves mixing up sounds, words, or sentence structures noble tons of soil --- noble sons of toil A speech error where a person unintentionally says a different word or phrase than intended.
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börja lära sig
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A mishearing of spoken words
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Broca’s aphasia • Wernicke’s aphasia • Conduction aphasia börja lära sig
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an impairment of language function caused by localized brain damage; it results in difficulties understanding and/or producing linguistic forms
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börja lära sig
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a reduced amount of speech, distorted articulation, slow, often effortful speech , lexical morphemes (e.g. nouns, verbs). frequent omission of functional morphemes (e.g. articles, prepositions) and inflections (e.g. plural - s, past tense -ed) speech is ‘agrammatic’. I eggs and eat and drink coffee breakfast
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related to difficulties in auditory comprehension, sometimes called ‘sensory aphasia’. börja lära sig
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-very fluent speech which is, however, often difficult to make sense of. very general terms are used, even in response to questions for specific information. difficulties finding the correct word (anomia); to deal with problem → describing the objects or their puropse
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Caused by the damage to the arcuate fasciculus börja lära sig
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sometimes mispronounce words, but usually do not have articulation problems. they are fluent, but rhythm may be disrupted due to pauses comprehension of spoken words is good. repeating a word or phrase (spoken by someone else) is problematic.
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börja lära sig
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A period in childhood during which language acquisition occurs most efficiently; after this period, learning language becomes more difficult. first few years of life is the crucial time in which an individual can acquire a first language
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difference between acquiring a language and learning a language börja lära sig
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acquiring a language natural process when a child learns the language throught the contact with enviroment without formal instructions learning- aquiring the language through formal way, from books, lessons, grammal rules
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börja lära sig
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The Language Acquisition Device – a hypothetical mechanism in a child's brain that facilitates language acquisition allows children laquiring the language quickly and effortcently
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What does it mean that interaction is required in first language acquisition börja lära sig
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Children need to interact with others to effectively acquire language listening is not enough to master the languag. children must particioate in interactions with other people
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What does it mean that cultural transmission is required in first language acquisition börja lära sig
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Language is passed down through generations in a social and cultural context how the concepts from one culture are passed down from generation to generation
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börja lära sig
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Child-Directed Speech – the way adults speak to children, characterized by simple vocabulary, clear articulation, and repetition
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