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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" börja lära sig
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" börja lära sig
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" börja lära sig
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste börja lära sig
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... börja lära sig
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? börja lära sig
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? börja lära sig
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First distinct in culture: börja lära sig
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Second distinct in culture: börja lära sig
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Third distinct in culture: börja lära sig
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Fourth distinct in culture: börja lära sig
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Fifth distinct in culture: börja lära sig
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Sixth distinct in culture: börja lära sig
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Seventh distinct in culture: börja lära sig
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? börja lära sig
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? börja lära sig
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: börja lära sig
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? börja lära sig
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instruction and moral progress
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care given to development of the mind
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? börja lära sig
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? börja lära sig
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? börja lära sig
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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Socio-cultural patterns... börja lära sig
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... börja lära sig
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... börja lära sig
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? börja lära sig
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... börja lära sig
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Culture is a system that has... börja lära sig
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... börja lära sig
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: börja lära sig
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. börja lära sig
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? börja lära sig
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. börja lära sig
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: börja lära sig
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? börja lära sig
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? börja lära sig
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? börja lära sig
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? börja lära sig
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? börja lära sig
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? börja lära sig
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: börja lära sig
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? börja lära sig
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It includes numerous "languages".
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? börja lära sig
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? börja lära sig
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? börja lära sig
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? börja lära sig
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... börja lära sig
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? börja lära sig
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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börja lära sig
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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anything that produces meaning.
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? börja lära sig
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? börja lära sig
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution börja lära sig
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: börja lära sig
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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börja lära sig
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... börja lära sig
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Mass production process... börja lära sig
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? börja lära sig
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? börja lära sig
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? börja lära sig
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The first magazine published and when? börja lära sig
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When was telegraph invented? börja lära sig
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What was the first movie and when was it published? börja lära sig
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? börja lära sig
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? börja lära sig
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When did the internet start working around? börja lära sig
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börja lära sig
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: börja lära sig
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: börja lära sig
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: börja lära sig
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: börja lära sig
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: börja lära sig
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"favoured by people generally"
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börja lära sig
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: börja lära sig
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... börja lära sig
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... börja lära sig
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? börja lära sig
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? börja lära sig
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... börja lära sig
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: börja lära sig
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... börja lära sig
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: börja lära sig
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... börja lära sig
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... börja lära sig
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... börja lära sig
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... börja lära sig
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... börja lära sig
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the authentic with commercial.
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... börja lära sig
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... börja lära sig
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... börja lära sig
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... börja lära sig
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... börja lära sig
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... börja lära sig
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... börja lära sig
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... börja lära sig
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... börja lära sig
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... börja lära sig
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The MP3 file format was developed in... börja lära sig
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... börja lära sig
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The Napster shut down in... börja lära sig
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... börja lära sig
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: börja lära sig
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... börja lära sig
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... börja lära sig
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... börja lära sig
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... börja lära sig
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The Frankfurt School moved to... börja lära sig
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: börja lära sig
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... börja lära sig
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... börja lära sig
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... börja lära sig
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... börja lära sig
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... börja lära sig
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... börja lära sig
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Culture industry uses a... börja lära sig
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... börja lära sig
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... börja lära sig
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... börja lära sig
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... börja lära sig
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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endless stream of movies.
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... börja lära sig
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... börja lära sig
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... börja lära sig
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... börja lära sig
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... börja lära sig
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... börja lära sig
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... börja lära sig
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... börja lära sig
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... börja lära sig
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... börja lära sig
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... börja lära sig
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... börja lära sig
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Youth subcultures express... börja lära sig
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opposition to the generation gap.
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Resistance is expressed through... börja lära sig
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: börja lära sig
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... börja lära sig
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Middle 1970s subculture was... börja lära sig
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... börja lära sig
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Early 1980s subculture was... börja lära sig
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Another early 1980s subculture was... börja lära sig
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The skinhead value system and style... börja lära sig
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... börja lära sig
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... börja lära sig
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... börja lära sig
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: börja lära sig
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... börja lära sig
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... börja lära sig
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Post-subcultural generation... börja lära sig
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... börja lära sig
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... börja lära sig
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börja lära sig
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usually followed by a slogan.
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börja lära sig
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are based on visual style.
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börja lära sig
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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börja lära sig
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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börja lära sig
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial börja lära sig
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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börja lära sig
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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börja lära sig
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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börja lära sig
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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börja lära sig
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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börja lära sig
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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börja lära sig
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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börja lära sig
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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börja lära sig
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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börja lära sig
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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börja lära sig
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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börja lära sig
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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börja lära sig
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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börja lära sig
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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